O`RTA ASRLARDA ANGLIYA SHAHAR HUNARMANDCHILIGI
![1.2. O`rta asr Shartnomalariga nazar
HUJJAT 7
Shogirdlik shartnomasi
Men Piter Bor, o'g'lim Stivenni siz to'quvchi Piter Feyssakga to'quvchilik
hunarini o'rganishi uchun ishonib topshiraman. U sizning uyingizda to'rt yil
davomida yashashi kerak keyingi Pasxa bayramidan boshlab siz uchun ishlaydi.
O'g'lim siz uchun ishlashini va hamma narsada sodiq va ishonchli bo'lishini va
shogirdligi tugaguniga qadar sizdan o'g'irlik qilmasligini va hech qanday sabab
bilan qochib ketmasligini zimmamga olaman.
Men, Piter Borre shuni kafolat beramanki yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan har
qanday yo'qotish yoki zarar uchun sizga o'z navbatida Piter Feyssak Borrening
o'g'liga sodiqlik bilan ko'rsatma berishga va uni oziq-ovqat va kiyim-kechak bilan
ta'minlashga majburyatini o’z zimmamga olaman. [1248 yil sanasi.]
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![Manba: Louis Blancard, ed., Documents Inédits sur le Commerce de Marseille
au Moyen yoshi, jild. 2 (Marsel: Barlatier-Feissat, 1884). 4
DOCUMENT 8
Urban Conditions Information on urban housing is most readily obtained from
the contracts made between householders and the builders – masons and carpenters
– who had contracted to build their houses. The following extracts are from
contracts published in L. F. Salzman’s Building in England, Appendix B. Most are
in Latin, and have been translated or summarized by the author.
Housing
Simon of Canterbury undertakes in the presence of the Mayor and Aldermen
to build for William de Hangitone, using his own materials, “a hall and chamber
together with a small chamber, and a larder between the aforesaid hall and
chamber; also a solar above the chamber with a fireplace; there is to be a gallery at
the upper end of the hall [in capite aule] and an outside staircase from the ground
to the gallery, and two compartments in the cellar under the hall, and one
compartment crosswise under the hall for the drain [toilet, cloaca] and two
conduits for the said drain, and a stable of the length between the said hall and the
[illegible in manuscript].
London, 1308. No.
3 Source: L. F. Salzman, Building in England down to 1540: A Documentary
History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), pp. 417–18 5
HUJJAT 8
Shahar sharoitlari
Shahar uy-joylari to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar eng oson shartnomalardan olinadi.
4
Norman Pounds. “THE MEDIEVAL CITY” , London-2005, P – 1 97 .
5
Norman Pounds. “THE MEDIEVAL CITY” , London-2005, P – 1 98 .
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![Uy egalari, quruvchilar va duradgorlar o'rtasida qilingan uylarini qurish uchun
shartnoma tuzdilar. Quyidagi parchalar L. F. Salzmanning Angliyadagi binosida
chop etilgan shartnomalardan olingan.
Ularning aksariyati lotin tilida bo'lib, muallif tomonidan tarjima qilingan yoki
umumlashtirilgan.
Uy-joy
Kenterberidagi Saymon mer va Aldermenlar ishtirokida Uilyam de Xingtone
uchun o'z materiallaridan foydalangan holda "zal" qurishni o'z zimmasiga oladi va
xona kichik xona bilan birga yuqorida ko'rsatilgan zal va kamera, zalning yuqori
qismida galereya bo'lishi kerak, galereyaning zinapoyaning tak qismidan yer
to`laga yo`lak bo`lishi kerak bundan tashqari [hojatxona, qo'lyozmani saqlash
xonasi] mavjud bo`lishi kerak
London, 1308. № 3
Manba: L. F. Salzman, Angliyada 1540 yilgacha bo'lgan bino: Hujjatli tarix
(Oksford: Clarendon Press, 1967), 417-18-betlar.
Contract to Build the Boar Inn on the Market Place
An indenture between William Ludlowe and John Fayrebowe, carpenter of
Busshopestrowe, Wiltshire witnesseth that John “will make for the said William a
house within the Bore [tavern] adjoining the Market Place . . . containing in length
63 feet and within the walls 20 feet. The grounsills* are to be 15 inches wide and
10 inches thick. There are to be 14 principal posts, every post 16 feet long and 13
inches wide and 12 inches thick. Every ‘somer’** to be 16 inches wide and 15
inches thick. And every joist 8 inches thick and 9 inches wide. There are to be 10
inches between every joist. Every ‘byndyngbeme’*** is to be 9 inches thick and
15 inches wide, and every wallplate, 8 inches thick and 9 inches wide, and every
rafter 4 inches thick at the top and 5 inches at the foot. The rafters are to be spaced
at 9 inch intervals. The house is to be well and truly made of sufficient timber,
clean and without sap or windshake, ready to be set up and reared by the feast of
the Nativity next. The said John shall find all timber for doors and windows and
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![studs for the walls. And William shall find all nails, wattle [withies or osiers to be
daubed with clay; see Glossary], roofing and mason’s work necessary, and also
meat and wages for two men working with the said John for seven days at the
rearing of the house, and also the meat and wages for the men carting the timber to
Salisbury. William will also pay 20 li [livres, i.e., pounds] for building the house
and finding the timber, to be paid in three installments.” 6
Salisbury, 1444. No. 73.
Source: Salzman, Building in England, pp. 516–17.
6
Norman Pounds. “THE MEDIEVAL CITY” , London-2005, P – 1 99 .
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K afedra: “ Jaxon Tarixi ” KURS ISHI MАVZU: O`RTA ASRLARDA ANGLIYA SHAHAR HUNARMANDCHILIGI SAMARQAND -202 2 1
MUNDARIJA KIRISH I. BOB . O’RTA ASRLARDA ANGLIYA 1.1 Qishloq va Urbanizatsiyalashuv sabablari ……….. ............. ......... 5-bet 1.2. O`rta asr Shartnomalariga nazar ……. .................................. ...... 8-bet II. BOB . ANGLIYA SHAHAR HUNARMANDCHILIGI 2.1. Shahar hunarmandchiligi va savdo masalalari …………......... 12-bet 2.2. Angliya shahar hunarmandchiligi York shahri misolida …….. 18-bet III. BOB . “O`rta asrlarda Angliya shahar hunarmandchiligi” mavzusini o’qitishda pedagogik texnologiyalardan foydalanish 3.1 Noan’anaviy ta’lim texnologiyasi … …………………................ 20-bet 3.2 “ BBB” metodi ……………………………….............................. 23-bet XULOSA GLOSSARIY FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO’YXATI 2
KIRISH Shaharnining qishloqdan hatto bozori mavjud bo’lgan qishlog'idan ajratib turuvchi fazilatlardan biri shaharda uchratish mumkin bo'lgan hunarmandchilikning xilma-xilligi edi. Ishlab chiqarishning deyarli har qanday sohasi bo'yicha mutaxassisliklar va kichik mutaxassisliklarni shahar markazida topish mumkin edi. Qolaversa, XII-XIII asrlarda Yevropa iqtisodiyoti kengayib borar ekan, turli hunarmandchilik mahoratiga talab ham oshib bordi. Olimlarning fikricha hunarmandchilik turlarini kuzatishning bir usuli - o'sha paytda endigina ishlatilayotgan familiyalardir, ko'pgina hunarmandlar o'z oilalarini o'zlarining hunarlari bilan nomlashgan; masalan, qurilishda ishlaydigan oilalarga Smit, Shmidt, Faber, Tinker, Plumb, Houseman, Meyson, Maurer, Thatcher, Glazer, Turner, Carpenter va Dauber kiradi. O'rta asrlarda jamiyat asosan qishloqlardan iborat bo'lib, aholining atigi besh foizga yaqini shaharlarda yashagan. O'rta asr shaharlari zamonaviy standartlarga ko'ra kichkina edi. Londonda taxminan 50 000 aholi bor edi; York shahrining aholisi atiga 8000 kishi bo’lgan. Shaharlar odatda qulay bozor yoki ma'muriy markaz bo'lganligi sababli rivojlangan, haftalik bozor chakana savdoning markazi va odamlar hayotidagi muhim voqea edi, chunki biz bilgan do'konlar yo'q edi. London Normand istilosidan oldin Angliyaning poytaxti va eng yirik shahri bo'lgan. Boshqa ingliz shaharlari iqtisodiy o'zgarishlar shamoli tufayli qudrat zinapoyasidan yuqoriga ko'tarildi yoki pastga tushd lekin 1066 yilga kelib Angliya bosqinchi Normandiya gertsogi Uilyam tomonidan bosib olindi. Asrlar davomida mahalliy aholiga zulm qilmagan Normanlar tezda ingliz jamiyatiga singib ketishdi. Normand qirollari va ularning o rnini egallagan Anjevinlar yoki Plantagenetslarʻ Fransiyada katta mulklarini saqlab qolishgan, shuning uchun qirol saroyida va umuman, o qimishli odamlar orasida frantsuz tili va madaniyati moda bo lishda ʻ ʻ davom etgan. O'rta asrlarda Angliyada deyarli har bir kishining tabiiy tili, shu jumladan, vaqt o'tishi bilan qirol ingliz tili edi; lekin frantsuz Angliyada rasmiy til 3
sifatida uzoq vaqt saqlanib qoldi. Angliyada kuchli milliy o'ziga xoslikning o'sishi 13-asrda boshlangan. Qit'ada bo'lgani kabi, oilaviy ishlab chiqarish tubida paydo bo'lgan hunarmandchilik Angliyada anglo-sakson davrida 11-asrda rivojlanib kuchayib shaharlarning tez o'sishida muhim omil bo'ldi. O'rta asrlarda Angliyada shaharlar asosan daryolar bo'yida va qirg'oq bo'ylab paydo bo'lgan dastlab shaharlar qishloq xo'jaligi markazlari bo'lib, ular eksport uchun non etishtirgan. Savdogarlar esa o'z mollarini daryo va dengiz yo'llari, portlar yordamida amalga oshirilgan. Tashqisavdo ichki savdoga qaraganda foydaliroq bo’lgan. Angliya shaharlari nomlari haqida malumotlarni Domesday Kitobidagi malumotlar asosida o’rganiladi. Domesday Kitobi ikkita mustaqil asarni o’zida jamlagan bular “Kichik Domesday” va “Buyuk Domesday”. Domesday kitobida jami 268 984 kishi qayd etilgan, ularning har biri uy xo'jaligi boshlig'i edi. 13 418 ta joyni nomlaydi. Uning asosiy qismini tashkil etuvchi to liq qishloq joylaridanʻ tashqari, Domesday ko pgina shaharlarga oid qiziqarli yozuvlarni o z ichiga oladi, ʻ ʻ 5624 tegirmon ro'yxati keltirilgan. Kitobda, shuningdek, 28 000 ta qul sanab o'tilgan. O’rta asrlarda shahar hunarmandchiligi mavzusida o’rgamnish olib boorish jarayonida asosan Angliyalik mualliflarning asarlaridan foydalandi lekin ushbu asarlar va boshqa masalalarga bag'ishlangan adabiyotlar, afsuski, alohida toifalarga ajratilmaydi. Natijada, keyingi bo'limlardagi ishlar o'rtasida katta o'xshashliklar mavjud bunga malumotlarni o’qish jarayonida tushunasiz. Bir necha asarlarni o’rgangan holda O’sha davr haqida maluotlarni o’rganib chiqib O’rta asrlarda Anglyadagi muhitni shahar hayotini aholining mehnat faoliyatini va shahardagi ishlab chiqarish jarayonlari savdo-sotiq, shaharlarning iqtisodiy ahvoli. Bundan tashqari Anglyada shaharlar qay tarzda vujudga kelgani va rivojlanish sabablari, qishloq ahlining aynan shaharga intilish sabablarini o’rgangan holda ushbu mavzuni yoritdim. 4
I. BOB . O’RTA ASRLARDA ANGLIYA 1.1 Qishloq va Urbanizatsiyalashuv sabablari Aksariyat hunarmandchilik an'anaviy ravishda shahar mashg'ulotlari sifatida qaralgan, ammo ular qishloqda boshlanib shaharga ko’chgan, ba'zi ma'lumotlarda hatto qishloqda ham qolgan zamonaviy davrda. Ba'zilari, masalan, tog'-kon sanoati, metallurgiya sanoati, qazib oluvchi, yoqilg'i va katta hajmdagi foydali qazilmalarga bog'liq bo'lgan sanoat tarmoqlari, xomashyo tabiatidan qishloqda edi; boshqalar, masalan, frezalash va to'la mato, mexanizmlar ularning ishlashi uchun oqayotgan suvga bog'liq bo’ldi. Masalan, yigiruv va ma'lum darajada to'quvchilik qishloq ya’ni uy hunarmandchiligi bo'lib qoldi, ularni qishloq xo'jaligi taqvimiga kiritilishi mumkin. Qolaversa qishloq maishiy hunarmandchilik ish bilan ta'minlangan, odatda qishloq sharoitida ayollar kam ish bilan band bo'lgan. Shunday qilib shaharlik hunarmandlarining qishloqlik ustalardan farqi ularning mashq qilishlari ortidan hunarmandchilik tarmoqlarining takomillashuvi va hunarmandlarning o'sib borayotgan kasbiy mahoratining o’sishi, shaharlarining tajribali to'quvchilari tomonidan nozik bilan to'qilgan elita matolar, professional hunarmandlar sinfi o'z navbatida shaharlaning yuksalishiga sabab bo'ldi, sifatli mahsulot uchun pul to'lashga qodir va tayyor aristokratik sinf mavjud bo’lishi, shahar mahsulotlari eng yuqori sifatga yetishiga sabab bo’ldi. O'rta asrlarda shahar hunarmandchiligining soni ko'paydi chunki ilgari birlashgan ishlab chiqarishlar alohida jarayonlarga bo'lingan, ma'lum bir hunarmand bitta mas'uliyat ostida faolyat olib brogan bo’lsa, har bir jarayon bilan alohida hunarmandlar ishlagan. Masalan pichoq yasaovchilarning ish taqsimoti: temirchi, tutqichlarni o'rnatuvchilar, ularni olib yurish uchun teri g'iloflar tikuvchilardan tashkil topgan guruhlarga ajralgan. Kiyim tikishda talab qilinadigan noziklik darajasiga ko'ra ko'plab alohida hunarmandchilikni o'z ichiga olgan, ip yigiruvchilardan tashqari taroqchilar, 5