History of the internet
History of the internet Plan: 1. The history of the internet? 2. Advantages and disadvantages of the internet? 3. Importance of internet in our life, education and business
1. The history of the internet has its origin in information theory and the efforts to build and interconnect computer networks that arose from research and development in the United States and involved international collaboration , particularly with researches in the United Kingdom and France. Computer science was an emerging discipline in the late 1950s that began to consider time – sharing between computer users, and later, the possibility of achieving this over wide area networks. Independently, Paul Baran proposed a distributed network based on data in massage blocks in the early 1960s, and Donald Davies conceived of packet switching in 1965 at the National Physical Laboratory, proposing a national commercial data network in the UK. the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. department of Defense awarded contracts in 1969 for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. ARPANET adopted the packet switching technology proposed by Davies and Baran , underpinned by mathematical work in the early 1970s by Bolt, Beranek, and Newman. Several early packed – switched networks emerged in the 1970s which researched and provided data networking. ARPA projects, international working groups and commercial initiatives led to the development of various standards and pro tocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. Bob Khan, at ARPA, and Vint Cerf , at Stanford University, published research in 1974 that evolved into the transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol, the two protocols of the internet protocol suite. The design included concepts from the FRENCH CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin. In the early 1980s, the National Science Foundation funded national supercomputing centers at several universities in the United States, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, thus creating network access to these supercomputer sites for research and academic organizations in the United States. International connections to NSFNET, the emergence of architecture such as the DOMAIN Name system, and the adoption of
TCP/IP internationally on existing networks marked the beginnings of the internet. Commercial Internet servise providers emerged in 1989 in the UNITED STATES and Australia. the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990. The optical backbone of the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic, as traffic transitioned to optical networks managed by Sprint, MCI and AT&T. Research at CERN in Switzerland by the British computer scientist Tim Berners – Lee in 1989 – 90 result in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an information system, accessible from any node on the network. The dramatic expansion of capacity of the Internet with the advent of wave division multiplexing and the roll out of fiber optic cables in the mid – 1990s had a revolutionary impact on culture, commerce, and technology. This made possible the rise of near – instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol telephone calls, video chat, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking services, and online shopping sites. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber – optic networks operating at 1 GBit/s, 10 GBit/s, and 800 Gbit/s by 2019. The Internet’s takeover of the global communication landscape was rapid in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007. The internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, enterainment, and social networking services. However, the future of the global network may be shaped by regional defferences. There are nearly insurmountable problems in supplying a historiography of the Internet's development. The process of digitization represents a twofold challenge both for historiography in general and, in particular, for historical communication research. A sense of the difficulty in documenting early developments that led to the internet can be gathered from the quote:
"The Arpanet period is somewhat well documented because the corporation in charge – BBN– left a physical record. Moving into the NSFNET era, it became an extraordinarily decentralized process. The record exists in people's basements, in closets. ... So much of what happened was done verbally and on the basis of individual trust." — Doug Gale (2007)