History of the internet

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08.08.2023

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                 History of the internet
                               Plan:
1. The history of the internet?
2. Advantages and disadvantages of the internet?
3. Importance of internet in our life, education and business  1.  The history of the internet has its origin in information theory and the efforts to 
build and interconnect computer networks that arose from research and 
development in the United States and involved international collaboration , 
particularly with researches in the United Kingdom and France.
  Computer science was an emerging discipline in the late 1950s that  began to 
consider  time – sharing between computer users, and later, the possibility of 
achieving this over wide area networks. Independently, Paul Baran proposed a 
distributed network based on data in massage blocks in the early 1960s, and  
Donald Davies conceived of packet switching  in 1965 at the National Physical 
Laboratory, proposing a national commercial data network in the UK.
    the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. department of Defense 
awarded contracts in 1969 for the development of the ARPANET  project, directed
by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. ARPANET adopted the 
packet switching technology proposed by Davies and Baran , underpinned by 
mathematical work  in the early 1970s by Bolt, Beranek, and Newman.
   Several early packed – switched networks emerged in the 1970s which 
researched and  provided data  networking. ARPA projects, international working 
groups and commercial initiatives led to the development of various standards and 
pro tocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be 
joined  into a network of networks. Bob Khan, at ARPA, and Vint Cerf , at 
Stanford University, published research in 1974 that evolved into the transmission 
Control Protocol  and Internet Protocol, the two protocols of the internet protocol 
suite. The design included concepts from the FRENCH CYCLADES project 
directed by Louis Pouzin. In the  early 1980s, the National Science Foundation  
funded national supercomputing centers at several universities in the United States,
and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, thus creating 
network access to these supercomputer sites for research and academic 
organizations in the United States. International connections to NSFNET,  the 
emergence of architecture such as the DOMAIN Name system, and the adoption of TCP/IP internationally on existing networks marked the beginnings of the internet. 
Commercial Internet servise providers emerged in 1989 in the UNITED STATES 
and Australia. the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Limited private 
connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in 
several American cities by late 1989 and 1990. The optical backbone of the 
NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of
the Internet to carry commercial traffic, as traffic transitioned to optical networks 
managed by Sprint, MCI and AT&T. Research at CERN in Switzerland by the 
British computer scientist Tim Berners – Lee in 1989 – 90 result  in the World 
Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an information system, accessible 
from any node on the network. The dramatic expansion of capacity of the Internet 
with the advent of wave division multiplexing  and the roll out of fiber optic cables
in the mid – 1990s had  a revolutionary impact on culture, commerce, and 
technology. This made possible the rise of near – instant communication by 
electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol  telephone calls, 
video chat, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social 
networking services, and online shopping sites. Increasing amounts of data are 
transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber – optic networks operating at 1 
GBit/s, 10 GBit/s, and 800 Gbit/s by 2019. The Internet’s takeover of the global 
communication landscape was rapid in historical terms: it only communicated 1% 
of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the 
year 1993, 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information
by 2007.  The  internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online
information, commerce, enterainment, and social networking services. However, 
the future of the global network may be shaped by regional defferences.
There are nearly insurmountable problems in supplying a historiography of the 
Internet's development. The process of digitization represents a twofold challenge 
both for historiography in general and, in particular, for historical communication 
research. A sense of the difficulty in documenting early developments that led to 
the internet can be gathered from the quote:    "The Arpanet period is somewhat well documented because the corporation in 
charge – BBN– left a physical record. Moving into the NSFNET era, it became an 
extraordinarily decentralized process. The record exists in people's basements, in 
closets. ... So much of what happened was done verbally and on the basis of 
individual trust."
— Doug Gale (2007) Several early packet-switched networks emerged in the 1970s which researched 
and provided data networking. ARPA projects, international working groups and 
commercial initiatives led to the development of various standards and protocols 
for internetworking in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a 
network of networks. Bob Kahn, at ARPA, and Vint Cerf  at Stanford University,  
published research in 1974 that evolved into the Transmission Control Protocol  
and Internet Protocol, the two protocols of the Internet protocol suite.The design 
included concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin.
In the early 1980s, the National Science Foundation funded national 
supercomputing centers at several universities in the United States, and provided 
interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, thus creating network access 
to these supercomputer sites for research and academic organizations in the United 
States. International connections to NSFNET, the emergence of architecture such 
as the Domain Name System, and the adoption of TCP/IP internationally on 
existing networks marked the beginnings of the Internet. Commercial Internet 
service providers  emerged in 1989 in the United States and Australia. The 
ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Limited private connections to parts of 
the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities 
by late 1989 and 1990. The optical backbone of the NSFNET was decommissioned
in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry 
commercial traffic, as traffic transitioned to optical networks managed by Sprint, 
MCI and AT&T.
Research at CERN in Switzerland by the British computer scientist Tim Berners-
Lee  in 1989–90 resulted in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext  documents 
into an information system, accessible from any node on the network. The 
dramatic expansion of capacity of the Internet with the advent of wave division 
multiplexing  and the roll out of fiber optic cables in the mid-1990s had a 
revolutionary impact on culture, commerce, and technology. This made possible 
the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol , telephone calls, video chat, and the World Wide Web with 
its discussion forums , blogs, social networking services , and online shopping 
sites. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over 
fiber-optic networks operating at 1 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s, and 800 Gbit/s by 2019. The 
Internet's takeover of the global communication landscape was rapid in historical 
terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way 
telecommunications networks in the year 1993, 51% by 2000, and more than 97% 
of the telecommunicated information by 2007. The Internet continues to grow, 
driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, 
and social networking service. However, the future of the global network may be 
shaped by regional differences.
Advantages and disadvantages of the internet?
  2.  The Internet is the most popular and innovative creation within the world of 
technology is the Internet. The web is the place where all types of data are present 
and even the communication process is feasible using the web. The planet has now
become internet-dependent due to its vast advantages. Here may be a checkout 
both its advantages and drawbacks.
The Cambridge Dictionary defines the web as an outsized system of connected 
computers around the world that permits people to share information and 
communicate with one another. The web is run and governed by various 
companies, businesses, governments, and academic institutions for his or her 
purpose. It carries a number of data about almost every subject and has very 
quickly become an important part of everyone’s lives. Over 4.5 billion people 
everywhere on the planet are internet users currently.
Advantages of the Internet:
The internet is perhaps one of the best inventions thus far. As anyone can access 
the computer this made people by stripping away geographical barriers and sharing
information instantaneously. Communication Forum: The speed of communication becomes faster which is 
obtained through the web. Families and friends can confine touch easily. The 
platform for products like SKYPE allows for holding a video conference with 
anyone within the world who also has access.
Abundant Information: Anyone can find information on almost any imaginable 
subject. Plenty of resources are often found through the program in minutes.
Inexhaustible Education: For instance, students can gain readily available help for 
his or her homework online.  
Entertainment for everybody: Most folks love using our laptops, smartphones, and,
tablets. The web is the big reason behind us spending such a lot of time on these 
gadgets.
Online Services and E-commerce: Many services of emails, online banking, online
shopping. Free mail to anyone is definitely accessible all around the world. E-
commerce enables one in America to shop for things in Asia, Africa, or other areas
within the world through some simple clicks of the mouse.
Social network: Social networking is the sharing of data with people across the 
planet. Aside from being an entertainment website, it’s many uses.
Learning: The web has now become a neighborhood of education. Education like 
homeschooling is definitely administered using the web. Teachers can upload their 
teaching videos on the web  
 
Disadvantages of the Internet:
The Internet’s drawbacks can’t be overlooked any longer as numerous teenagers 
are affected by Internet Addiction Disorder, then many ladies became online 
shopaholics. Internet Addiction Disorder: Internet addiction is detrimental to not only fitness 
but also psychological state.  
Cyber Crime: Hacker programs a virus that gets into the pc and ruins valuable 
data. Users’ personal information like name, address, master card, bank details, 
and other information are often accessed by culprits when used on the web, leading
to significant economic loss.
Social Alienation: Time spent online flies fast without consciousness. After getting
attracted the user is trapped into the trap, users are trapped by a “net”, spending 
less time with people in the real world. Less interaction and face-to-face 
communication, actually, may end in a decrease in social abilities.
Spam: The unnecessary emails, advertisements, etc. are sometimes said to be spam
because they need the power to hamper the system and make the users face many 
problems.
Health issues: Playing games and spending too much time on monitors leads to 
obesity and an unhealthy lifestyle.
 3.   The internet has made the world a village by connecting individuals globally 
with the click of a button. There are billions of computers and other electronic 
devices accessing the net worldwide. Discover the importance of internet in our 
life, education and business below. The Oxford dictionary defines the internet as a 
global computer network providing various information and communication 
facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication
protocols. Today, there are lots of other gadgets connected by the network.
                   Importance of internet for students                The role of the internet in the education sector is unmatched, and it has become an
essential learning tool. One of the reasons the internet is crucial in education is its 
wealth of information. Here are some of the reasons why the internet is essential in
the education sector:
1. Increased accessibility to education
Education is accessible now more than ever, thanks to the internet. Several 
learning institutions can now offer distance learning programs to students 
across the globe. Others like Yale and Harvard universities offer free courses in 
diverse areas through Coursera and other apps. Sometimes, the student pays for 
a certificate, but the lessons are free.
2. Innovative learning 
The internet offers extra resources and new methods of learning. For example, 
teachers can opt to have online classes which students attend from the comfort 
of their homes. Alternative education and study materials are available online, 
including crash course videos, images, animated videos, and educational games.
3. Ease of communication
Teachers and students can interact timely using internet platforms. For example, 
students no longer have to wait until the next class to communicate with their 
classmates  or teachers. One can easily send messages to the teacher or student in 
question through various online platforms. Additionally, most schools have online 
educational platforms where students discuss assignments.
4. Source of study materials
 The internet is a world of knowledge. It serves as a teacher who allows students to
ask questions and get answers instantly. Most academic institutions have 
developed websites where students can access free study materials. Students can  watch video tutorials and lectures at no extra cost. They can also access learning 
materials from various online libraries.
5. Research
 Before the internet, it was challenging for students to research as they had to read 
many books. However, the internet and online libraries have a wide range of 
information that both teachers and students can access at the convenience of their 
locations. There are thousands of research papers and books available online. 
Students access resources published during any period because most are available 
on internet platforms. As a student, you can get help on your research projects by 
looking for similar ones previously done.
6. Online discussion forums
 With the internet, students can engage in online discussions with other people and 
learn from them. Moreover, there are many groups on social media platforms, and 
students can join the ones that interest them and participate in discussions in the 
group. Thus, the student learns from different kinds of people with diverse points 
of view.
   7. Career planning and guidance Selecting the right professional career is 
challenging for students. Hence, they need help shaping their future. Students can 
now access a wide range of professional mentors through the internet to guide their
decisions. They can search for stories about global icons for inspiration and learn 
what people are doing to succeed. These publications help students discover their 
interests and pursue the right career path.
How important is the internet in everyday activities? Here are some of the ways 
that the internet has become integrated into daily life:
1. Internationalization 
   The internet facilitates meaningful international business relationships and 
connections. These global interactions are essential in online business transitions,  social exposure, cultural knowledge, and embracing diversity. Like-minded 
business people can meet online and strike deals that eventually internationalize 
companies and firms between different countries without or without formal 
agreements.
2. Ecommerce 
Today, purchasing things online and receiving them at your location is possible 
without physically visiting the seller. Online payment methods have gained 
popularity and are now trusted platforms for sending and receiving money. Online 
money transfer options and applications have also enabled business people to 
conduct virtual business transactions. These online channels are safe, secure, and 
convenient to ensure your business runs 24/7. The internet also helps business 
owners manage their finances better through numerous platforms.

History of the internet Plan: 1. The history of the internet? 2. Advantages and disadvantages of the internet? 3. Importance of internet in our life, education and business

1. The history of the internet has its origin in information theory and the efforts to build and interconnect computer networks that arose from research and development in the United States and involved international collaboration , particularly with researches in the United Kingdom and France. Computer science was an emerging discipline in the late 1950s that began to consider time – sharing between computer users, and later, the possibility of achieving this over wide area networks. Independently, Paul Baran proposed a distributed network based on data in massage blocks in the early 1960s, and Donald Davies conceived of packet switching in 1965 at the National Physical Laboratory, proposing a national commercial data network in the UK. the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. department of Defense awarded contracts in 1969 for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. ARPANET adopted the packet switching technology proposed by Davies and Baran , underpinned by mathematical work in the early 1970s by Bolt, Beranek, and Newman. Several early packed – switched networks emerged in the 1970s which researched and provided data networking. ARPA projects, international working groups and commercial initiatives led to the development of various standards and pro tocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. Bob Khan, at ARPA, and Vint Cerf , at Stanford University, published research in 1974 that evolved into the transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol, the two protocols of the internet protocol suite. The design included concepts from the FRENCH CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin. In the early 1980s, the National Science Foundation funded national supercomputing centers at several universities in the United States, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, thus creating network access to these supercomputer sites for research and academic organizations in the United States. International connections to NSFNET, the emergence of architecture such as the DOMAIN Name system, and the adoption of

TCP/IP internationally on existing networks marked the beginnings of the internet. Commercial Internet servise providers emerged in 1989 in the UNITED STATES and Australia. the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990. The optical backbone of the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic, as traffic transitioned to optical networks managed by Sprint, MCI and AT&T. Research at CERN in Switzerland by the British computer scientist Tim Berners – Lee in 1989 – 90 result in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an information system, accessible from any node on the network. The dramatic expansion of capacity of the Internet with the advent of wave division multiplexing and the roll out of fiber optic cables in the mid – 1990s had a revolutionary impact on culture, commerce, and technology. This made possible the rise of near – instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol telephone calls, video chat, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking services, and online shopping sites. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber – optic networks operating at 1 GBit/s, 10 GBit/s, and 800 Gbit/s by 2019. The Internet’s takeover of the global communication landscape was rapid in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007. The internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, enterainment, and social networking services. However, the future of the global network may be shaped by regional defferences. There are nearly insurmountable problems in supplying a historiography of the Internet's development. The process of digitization represents a twofold challenge both for historiography in general and, in particular, for historical communication research. A sense of the difficulty in documenting early developments that led to the internet can be gathered from the quote:

"The Arpanet period is somewhat well documented because the corporation in charge – BBN– left a physical record. Moving into the NSFNET era, it became an extraordinarily decentralized process. The record exists in people's basements, in closets. ... So much of what happened was done verbally and on the basis of individual trust." — Doug Gale (2007)

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