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Spirtlarning olinishi va xossalari

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10.08.2023

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Spirt larning olinishi v a xossalariMAVZU: To’yingan bir atomli spirtlarning olinishi Spirtlar olishning bir necha usullari ma’lum. Quyida shulardan ayrimlari bilan tanishib chiqamiz. Spirtlarni galoid alkillarni suv yoki ishqorning suvli eritmasi bilan qo’shib qizdirish orqali olish mumkin: R – Br HOH NaOH R – OH + HBr R – OH + NaBr R – Br HOH NaOH R – OH + HBr R – OH + NaBr Etilen uglevodorodlariga katalizatorlar ishtirokida suv biriktirilganda bir atomli spirtlar hosil bo’ladi. Katalizator sifatida asosan konsentrlangan sulfat kislotadan foydalaniladi. Etilen uglevodorodlariga suvning birikish quyidagi bosqichlar orqali sodir bo’ladiR – CH = CH 2 + HOH R – CH – CH 3 H 2 SO 4 OH R – CH = CH 2 + HOSO 3H R – CH – CH 3 OSO 3 H R – CH – CH 3 OH OSO 3H HOH R – CH – CH 3 + H 2 SO 4 R – CH = CH 2 + HOH R – CH – CH 3 H 2 SO 4 OH R – CH = CH 2 + HOH R – CH – CH 3 H 2 SO 4 OH R – CH = CH 2 + HOSO 3H R – CH – CH 3 OSO 3 H R – CH = CH 2 + HOSO 3H R – CH – CH 3 OSO 3 H R – CH – CH 3 OH OSO 3H HOH R – CH – CH 3 + H 2 SO 4 R – CH – CH 3 OH OSO 3H HOH R – CH – CH 3 + H 2 SO 4 Spirt larni aldegid v a k et onlarni k at alizat or isht irok ida qay t arish orqali y ok i ularga magniy organik birik malar birik t irish orqali olish mumk in:R – C + [H] R – CH 2OH O H R – C – R’ + [H] R – CH – R’ O OH R – C + [H] R – CH 2OH O H R – C + [H] R – CH 2OH O H O H R – C – R’ + [H] R – CH – R’ O OH R – C – R’ + [H] R – CH – R’ O OH Bu jaray on mis, k obalt , nik el, plat ina. Palladiy k at alizat orligida 300-500 0 C harorat da olib boriladi. R – C O H + CH 3MgJ R – C – H O – MgJ CH 3 + - + - R – C O H + CH 3MgJ R – C – H O – MgJ CH 3 + - + - Hosil bo’lgan oraliq modda suv isht irok ida juda oson parchalanadi:R – C – H O – MgJ CH 3 HOH R – CH – CH 3 + Mg(OH)J OH R – C – H O – MgJ CH 3 HOH R – CH – CH 3 + Mg(OH)J OHA ldegid v a k et onlarga magniy organik bi rik mal arni bi rik t irish orqal i birlamchi, i k k ilamchi y ok i uchlamchi spirt lar ol inadi. Karbonil guruhi k uchl i qut blangan bo’l ganligi uchun ularga nuk leofi l agent l ar oson birik a oladi: R – C O H + CH 3MgJ R – C – H O – MgJ CH 3 + - + - R – C O H + CH 3MgJ R – C – H O – MgJ CH 3 + - + - Bu usul bilan spirt larni t uzilishini oldindan belgilangan holda sint ez qilish mumk in Sanoat da et il spirt ini pent azan saqlov chi t abiiy birik malar – uglev odlarni ferment lar isht irok ida bijg’it ish orqali olinadi. Masalan: M et il spirt i sanoat da C O v a H 2 dan sint ez qili nadi: C 6 H 12 O 6 2C 2H 5OH + 2CO 2 фермент C 6 H 12 O 6 2C 2H 5OH + 2CO 2 ферментBijg’it i shni 4 % l i sulfat k islot a isht i rok i da ham olib borish mumk in. Shu usul bilan g’o’zapoy a, y og’och chi qindil ari, oziq-ov qat chiqindilari v a boshqalardan k o’p miqdorda et il spirt i ishl ab chiqariladi . СО + 2 H 2 CH 3 OH СО + 2 H 2 CH 3 OH Bu jaray on 200-300 at m bosim, 400 0 C harorat v a rux -xrom-mis k at alizat ori i sht irok ida ol ib boriladi . Spirt larni y uqorida k o’rsat ilgan usullarda t ashqari , y ana murak k ab efi rlardan at set al lardan v a boshqa biri k mal ardan olish mumk in. Fizik xossalari Spirt larning C 10 gacha bo’lganlari suy uqlik v a undan y uqorilari qat t iq moddalardir. Dast labk i v ak illari suv bilan ist algan nisbat t a aralashadi. O’ziga xos xidga ega. Ularning molek uly ar massalari ort ib borishi bilan suv da eruv chanligi k amay ib hidi y oqimsiz bo’lib boradi, qay nash harorat i ham ort ib boradi. N ormal t uzilishga ega bo’lgan spirt lar izomerlariga qaraganda y uqori harorat da qay nay dilar. Spirt lar v odorod bog’lanishi hosil qilagnligi sababli y uqori harorat da qay nay dilar:     Spirt lar orasida met il spirt i o’t a zaharli hisoblanadi, uning 10 ml inson k o’rish qobily at ini y o’qot ishiga, 30 ml esa o’limiga sabab bo’ladi. : CH 3 O – H .. . . . CH 3 O – H : .. . . . O – H : .. CH 3 : CH 3 O – H .. . . . CH 3 O – H : .. . . . O – H : .. CH 3 CH 3 O – H .. . . . CH 3 O – H : .. . . . O – H : ..O – H : .. CH 3 spirt larning k imy ov iy xossalari Bir at omli spirt lar k imy ov iy jihat dan nisbat an faol birik malar bo’lib, ular OH – guruhdagi v odorod at omi, hamda OH - guruh bog’langan uglev odoroddagi v odorodlar hisobidan k imy ov iy jaray onlarga k irisha oladilar. Bir at omli spirt lar ney t ral xarak t erga egadirlar. Ammo ular juda k am darajada amfot erlik hususiy at ini namoy on qiladilar. Ularga ishqoriy met allar bilan t a’sir et ilganda gidrok sil guruhining v odorodi met all bilan almashadi v a alk ogoly at larni hosil qiladi: 2CH 3CH 2OH + 2Na 2CH 3CH 2ONa + H 2 2CH 3CH 2OH + 2Na 2CH 3CH 2ONa + H 2suv bilan t a’sir et ilganda ular oson parchalanadilar: CH 3CH 2ONa + H 2O C 2H 5OH + NaOH CH 3CH 2ONa + H 2O C 2H 5OH + NaOH Spirt lar menarel k islot alar bilan o’zaro t a’sir et a oladilar. Bunda oraliq modda sifat ida ok soniy birik malari hosil bo’ladi: CH 3 – O – H + HCl CH 3 – O – H + Cl – H + .. .. CH 3 – O – H + HCl CH 3 – O – H + Cl – H + CH 3 – O – H + HCl CH 3 – O – H + Cl – H CH 3 – O – H + HCl CH 3 – O – H + Cl – H + .. .. Bu birik malar qizdirilganda ga l loid alk il v a suv ga parchalanadilar:CH 3 – O – H + Cl – H + CH 3Cl + H 2O CH 3 – O – H + Cl – H + CH 3Cl + H 2O Spirt alar k islorodli meneral k islot alar shuningdek organik k islot alar bilan efi r hosil qilish (et erefi k at siy a) jaray onlariga k irisha oladilar: CH 3OH + HOSO 3H CH 3OSO 3H + H 2O CH 3OSO 3H + CH 3OH CH 3OSO 2OCH 3 + H 2O CH 3OH + HOSO 3H CH 3OSO 3H + H 2O CH 3OSO 3H + CH 3OH CH 3OSO 2OCH 3 + H 2O Dimet ilsulfat ( CH 3 ) 2 S O 4 k uchli met illov chi agent , ammo u o’t a zaharli bo’lganligi uchun k am ishlat iladi. Spirt alar bilan organik k arbon k islot alar orasida boruv chi jaray onning ahamiy at i g’oy at k at t adir. Ch unk i bu jaray on nat ijasida hosil bo’ladigan birik malar oziq-ov qat sanoat ida. Plast masslalar olishda, erit uv chi sifat ida v a boshqa sohalarda k eng k o’lamda ishlat iladiCH 3 – C O OH + HOC 2H 5 CH 3 – C O OC 2H 5 H + OH – + H 2O CH 3 – C O OH + HOC 2H 5 CH 3 – C O OC 2H 5 H + OH – + H 2O Bu jaray on qay t a xarak t erga ega bo’lib, muv ozanat k islot a k at alizat orligida o’ngga, ishqor (asos) k at alizat orligida esa chapga siljiy di. Chapga boruv chi jaray onni sov unlanish dey iladi, chunk i bu jaray on nat ijasida sov un (v a unga o’xshash moddalar) hosil bo’ladi. Spirt lardan suv ning ajralish jaray oni (degidrot at siy a) ik k i xil y o’nalishda sodir bo’lishi mumk in: jaray on suv ni t ort ib oluv chi v osit alar sulfat , ort afosfat k islot alar, aly uminiy ok sidli v a boshqalar isht irok ida boradi. Suv bir molek ula spirt dan (ichk i molek uly ar degidrat lanish) y ok i har xil molek ula spirt dan ajralib chiqishi mumk in. Suv har xil spirt dan ajralib chiqqanda oxirgi mahsulot sifat ida oddiy efi r hosil bo’ladiR – OH + HO – R’ R – O – R’ + H 2O R – OH + HO – R’ R – O – R’ + H 2O Suv bir molek ula spirt dan ajralib chiqqanda ox irgi mahsulot sifat ida t o’y inmagan uglev odorod hosil bo’ladi. Spirt lardan suv ning ajralib chiqishi Zay sev qoidasiga muv ofi q borib, bunda v odorod eng k am v odorod t ut gan uglerod at omidan ajralib chiqadi. Shunga muv ofi q spirt lardan suv ning ajralib chiqish t ezligi quy idagi t art ib o’zgaradi: CH 3 – CH – CH – CH 2 – CH 3 CH 3 – C = CH – CH 2 – CH 3 CH 3 OH CH 3 - H 2O CH 3 – CH – CH – CH 2 – CH 3 CH 3 – C = CH – CH 2 – CH 3 CH 3 OH CH 3 - H 2O Spi rt l arga galoid v odorod k islot alar, fosforning, ol t ingugurt larning galogenli hosi lalari bi lan t a’si r et ilganda ulardagi gidrok sil guruhi galogenga al mashinadi:R – OH + HCl R – Cl + H 2 O R – OH + HCl R – Cl + H 2 O Bu jaray on uchlamchi spirt larda juda osonlik bilan boradi, jaray on y e 1 -mexanizmiga mos k eladi: CH 3 C OH CH 3 C O – H CH 3 – C + CH 3 – C – Br H – Br .. .. + CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 + – CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 -H 2O +Br – CH 3 C OH CH 3 C O – H CH 3 – C + CH 3 – C – Br H – Br .. .. + CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 + – CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 -H 2O +Br – Spirt lardagi gidrok sil guruhni RCl 5 y ok i RCl 3 t a’sirida xlorga almasht irish jaray oni quy idagi sxema bo’y icha boradi: R – OH + PCl 5 R – Cl + POCl 3 + HCl 3R – OH + PCl 3 3R – Cl + P(OH) 3 R – OH + PCl 5 R – Cl + POCl 3 + HCl R – OH + PCl 5 R – Cl + POCl 3 + HCl 3R – OH + PCl 3 3R – Cl + P(OH) 3 3R – OH + PCl 3 3R – Cl + P(OH) 3 Spirt lardagi gidrok sil guruhni xlorga almasht irishda eng qulay t a’sir et uv chi v osit a t ionilxlorid hisoblanadi:R – OH + SOCl 2 R – Cl + SO 2 + HCl R – OH + SOCl 2 R – Cl + SO 2 + HCl Bunda hosil bo’l adigan SO 2 v a HCl gaz hol ida ajralib chiqadi, k erak li mahsulot R – Cl j uda osonl ik bi lan t ozalanadi R – CH 2 OH R – C + H 2 O [O] - H 2 O H R – CH – R’ R – C – R’ + H 2 O [O] - H 2 OH O R – CH 2 OH R – C + H 2 O [O] - H 2 O H R – CH 2 OH R – C + H 2 O [O] - H 2 O H O H R – CH – R’ R – C – R’ + H 2 O [O] - H 2 OH O R – CH – R’ R – C – R’ + H 2 O [O] - H 2 OH O Spirt larning ok sidlanishi. Birlamchi spirt larningk at alizat orlar (mis birik malari) isht irok ida 300-500 0 C da ok sidlanishi y ok i ulardan 100-180 0 S da mis, k umush, nik el, plat ina k abi k at alizat orlar isht irok ida v odorodning t ort ib olish nat ijasida aldegid, ik k ilamchi spirt lardan esa k et onlar hosil bo’ladi: Spirt larning ok sidlanish jaray oni murak k ab bo’lib, buning nat ijasida ok sidlanish olib borilay ot gan sharoit ga qarab oxirgi mahsulot sifat ida t urli mahsulot lar hosil bo’lishi mumk in. Spirt lardagi gidrok sil guruhining v odorodini aniqlashda C h uguy e-Serev it sina-Terent ev usulida foy dalaniladi. Bunda spirt larga magniy organik birik malar t a’sir et t ilganda – OH-guruh v odorodi magniy galogenga almashinadi v a uglev odorod ajralib chiqadi: R – OH + CH 3 MgJ R – O – MgJ + CH 4 R – OH + CH 3 MgJ R – O – MgJ + CH 4 Ikki atomli spirtlarning olinishi Gilk ollar olishning bir necha usullari ma’lum. SHulardan ay rimlari bilan quy ida t anishib chiqamiz. Glik ollarni uglev odordlarining v it sinal t uzilishga ega bo’lgan ik k i galogenli hosilalarini y ok i galoid gidrogenlarni gidrolizlab olish mumk in: С H 2Br – С H 2 – С H 2Br + 2NaOH CH 2OH – CH 2 – CH 2OH + 2NaBr CH 3 – CH – CH 2Cl + H 2O CH 3 – CH – CH 2OH + HCl OH OH С H 2Br – С H 2 – С H 2Br + 2NaOH CH 2OH – CH 2 – CH 2OH + 2NaBr CH 3 – CH – CH 2Cl + H 2O CH 3 – CH – CH 2OH + HCl OH OH Et ilen uglev odorodlarini v odorod peroik sidi y ok i k aliy permanganat isht irok ida ok sidlab glik ollarni olish mumk in CH 3 – CH = CH 2 + HOOH CH 3 – CH – CH 2 OH OH CH 3 – CH = CH 2 + HOOH CH 3 – CH – CH 2 OH OH Sanoat da gilk ollar  -ok sidlar (epok sid birk malarga) suv birik t irib olinadi: R – CH – CH 2 + HOH R – CH – CH 2 OH OH O R – CH – CH 2 + HOH R – CH – CH 2 OH OH O Diollarning kimyoviy xossalari Ular bir at oml i spirt larning barcha k imy ov iy xossalarini t ak rorlay di lar. Ular orasida boruv chi jaray onlar bosqi chli boradi. Gli k ollarning k i slot ali xossal ari bir at omli spirt l arnik iga qaraganda y uqori. S h uni ng uchun ul ar faqat ishqoriy met all ar bilangi na emas, bal k i ishqoriy y er met allarining gidrok sid v a ok sidlari bilan ham glik oly at l arini hosil qiladilar:CH 2– OH CH 2– OH + Cu(OH) 2 + HO – CH 2 HO – CH 2 CH 2– O CH 2 – O Cu O – CH 2 O – CH 2 + 2H 2O H H CH 2– OH CH 2– OH + Cu(OH) 2 + HO – CH 2 HO – CH 2 CH 2– O CH 2 – O Cu O – CH 2 O – CH 2 + 2H 2O H H CH 2– O CH 2 – O Cu O – CH 2 O – CH 2 + 2H 2O H H Mi neral v a organi k k isl ot alar bi lan ul ar t o’liq v a t o’liqmas efi rlarni hosil qi ladil ar CH 2 – OH CH 2 – OH CH 3COOH 2CH 3COOH CH 2OH – CH 2OCOCH 3 + H 2O CH 2COOCH 2 – CH 2OCOCH 3 + 2H 2O CH 2 – OH CH 2 – OH CH 3COOH 2CH 3COOH CH 2OH – CH 2OCOCH 3 + H 2O CH 2COOCH 2 – CH 2OCOCH 3 + 2H 2O S h uningdek spirt lar bilan ham t o’liq v a t o’liqmas oddiy efi rlarni hosil qilishlari mumk inCH 2 – OH CH 2 – OH C 2H 5OH 2C 2H 5OH CH 2OH – CH 2OC 2H 5 + H 2O C 2H 5OCH 2 – CH 2OC 2H 5 + 2H 2O CH 2 – OH CH 2 – OH C 2H 5OH 2C 2H 5OH CH 2OH – CH 2OC 2H 5 + H 2O C 2H 5OCH 2 – CH 2OC 2H 5 + 2H 2O Et ilselly ulozalar bo’y oqlar, t ut amay digan porox, at set at ipagi v a boshqalarni olishda erit uv chi sifat ida ishlat i ladi. Glik ollarning ok sidlanishi nat ijasida ok sialdegid, ok sik i slot a, dialdegid, al degidok isl ot a, ik k i asosli k i slot a v a boshqalar hosil bo’ladi. Masalan, et ilengi lk ol ok sidlanishi nat ijasida quy idagi birik malar hosil bo’l ishi mumk in:CH 2 – OH CH 2 – OH CH 2OH – COOH OHC – CHO CHO CH 2OH HOOC – COOH HOOC – CHO CH 2 – OH CH 2 – OH CH 2OH – COOH OHC – CHO CHO CH 2OH HOOC – COOH HOOC – CHO Gl ik ollardan suv ni t ort ib olish ichk i molek ulali y ok i molek ul alar-aro borishi mumk in. Bunda ox irgi mahsulot sifat ida jaray on olib borilay ot l an sharoit ga qarab t urli birik malar hosil bo’ladi: CH 2OH – CH 2OH [CH 2 = CHOH] CH 3CHO H 2O CH 2 – CH 2 O CH 2OH – CH 2OH [CH 2 = CHOH] CH 3CHO H 2O CH 2 – CH 2 O CH 2 – CH 2 O CH 2OH – CH 2 – CH 2OH CH 2 = CH – CHOH + H 2O CH 2OH – CH 2 – CH 2OH CH 2 = CH – CHOH + H 2O CH 2 – CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH OH -H 2O CH 2 – CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 O CH 2 – CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH OH -H 2O CH 2 – CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 O Etilenglikolni konsentrlangan sulfat kislota ishtirokida qizdirilganda yopiq zanjirli oddiy efir – dioksan hosil bo’ladi. Bu jarayonni 1906 yilda rus olimi A.V. Favorskiy o’rganganOH HO OH HO H 2C CH 2 H 2C CH 2 O O H 2C CH 2 H 2C CH 2 H 2SO 4 -2H 2O OH HO OH HO H 2C CH 2 H 2C CH 2 O O H 2C CH 2 H 2C CH 2 H 2SO 4 -2H 2O Uch atomli spirtlar olinishi va xossalari Uch at omli spirt larning birichi v ak ili glit serin hisoblanadi. Glit serin sanoat da y og’ v a moy lardan, propilen y ok i at set ilendan foy dalanib olinadi. Y o g’ v a moy lardan glit serin quy idagicha olinadi:CH 2 – O – C CH – O – C CH 2 – O – C O O O R ’’ R ’’’ R ’ 3HOH H 2SO 4 3NaOH CH 2OH – CHOH – CH 2OH + + R ’COOH + R ’’COOH + R ’’’ COOH CH 2OH – CHOH – CH 2OH + + R ’COONa + R ’’COONa + R ’’’ COONa CH 2 – O – C CH – O – C CH 2 – O – C O O O R ’’ R ’’’ R ’ 3HOH H 2SO 4 3NaOH CH 2OH – CHOH – CH 2OH + + R ’COOH + R ’’COOH + R ’’’ COOH CH 2OH – CHOH – CH 2OH + + R ’COONa + R ’’COONa + R ’’’ COONa Bu y erda R ’ , R ’’ , R ’’’ = -C 15 H 31 ; -C 16 H 33 ; -C 17 H 35 . Yog’lar gidrolizi ishqor isht irok ida olib borilganda y uqori, y og’ k isot alarining nat riy li t uzi – sov un hosil bo’lganligi uchun bu jaray onni sov unlanish deb qabul qilingan. Propilendan glit serin olish quy idagi bosqichlar orqali sodir bo’ladi: a) Propilenni y uqori harorat da xlorlash. Bu jaray on radik al almashinish mexanizmi bo’y icha borib, xlor qo’shbog’ning uzulishi hisobiga birik may, balk i propilendagi met il guruhi v odorodi xlor bilan almashinadi:CH 2 = CH – CH 3 CH 2 = CH – CH 2Cl + HCl Cl 2 450 -500 0C CH 2 = CH – CH 3 CH 2 = CH – CH 2Cl + HCl Cl 2 450 -500 0C b) Allilxlorid gidrolizi: CH 2 = CH – CH 2Cl CH 2 = CH – CH 2OH + NaCl H 2O NaOH CH 2 = CH – CH 2Cl CH 2 = CH – CH 2OH + NaCl H 2O NaOH v ) Allil spirt iga gidroxlorid k islot aning birik ishi v a hosil bo’lgan moddaning gidrolizi CH 2= CH – CH 2OH CH 2OH – CH – CH 2OH CH 2Cl – CH – CH 2OH +HOCl +HOCl гидролиз Сl OH CH 2– CH – CH 2 OH OH OH CH 2= CH – CH 2OH CH 2OH – CH – CH 2OH CH 2Cl – CH – CH 2OH +HOCl +HOCl гидролиз Сl OH CH 2– CH – CH 2 OHOH OHOH OHOH Glit serinni allil spirt iga v odorodperok sid birik t irib ham olish mumk in:CH 2 = CH – CH 2OH CH 2 – CH – CH 2 OH OH OH H 2O 2 CH 2 = CH – CH 2OH CH 2 – CH – CH 2 OH OH OH H 2O 2 CH 2 = CH – CH 2OH CH 2 – CH – CH 2 OH OH OH CH 2 – CH – CH 2 OHOH OHOH OHOH H 2O 2 E' TIBORINGIZ UCHUN RAXMAT

Spirt larning olinishi v a xossalariMAVZU:

To’yingan bir atomli spirtlarning olinishi Spirtlar olishning bir necha usullari ma’lum. Quyida shulardan ayrimlari bilan tanishib chiqamiz. Spirtlarni galoid alkillarni suv yoki ishqorning suvli eritmasi bilan qo’shib qizdirish orqali olish mumkin: R – Br HOH NaOH R – OH + HBr R – OH + NaBr R – Br HOH NaOH R – OH + HBr R – OH + NaBr

Etilen uglevodorodlariga katalizatorlar ishtirokida suv biriktirilganda bir atomli spirtlar hosil bo’ladi. Katalizator sifatida asosan konsentrlangan sulfat kislotadan foydalaniladi. Etilen uglevodorodlariga suvning birikish quyidagi bosqichlar orqali sodir bo’ladiR – CH = CH 2 + HOH R – CH – CH 3 H 2 SO 4 OH R – CH = CH 2 + HOSO 3H R – CH – CH 3 OSO 3 H R – CH – CH 3 OH OSO 3H HOH R – CH – CH 3 + H 2 SO 4 R – CH = CH 2 + HOH R – CH – CH 3 H 2 SO 4 OH R – CH = CH 2 + HOH R – CH – CH 3 H 2 SO 4 OH R – CH = CH 2 + HOSO 3H R – CH – CH 3 OSO 3 H R – CH = CH 2 + HOSO 3H R – CH – CH 3 OSO 3 H R – CH – CH 3 OH OSO 3H HOH R – CH – CH 3 + H 2 SO 4 R – CH – CH 3 OH OSO 3H HOH R – CH – CH 3 + H 2 SO 4

Spirt larni aldegid v a k et onlarni k at alizat or isht irok ida qay t arish orqali y ok i ularga magniy organik birik malar birik t irish orqali olish mumk in:R – C + [H] R – CH 2OH O H R – C – R’ + [H] R – CH – R’ O OH R – C + [H] R – CH 2OH O H R – C + [H] R – CH 2OH O H O H R – C – R’ + [H] R – CH – R’ O OH R – C – R’ + [H] R – CH – R’ O OH Bu jaray on mis, k obalt , nik el, plat ina. Palladiy k at alizat orligida 300-500 0 C harorat da olib boriladi. R – C O H + CH 3MgJ R – C – H O – MgJ CH 3 + - + - R – C O H + CH 3MgJ R – C – H O – MgJ CH 3 + - + -

Hosil bo’lgan oraliq modda suv isht irok ida juda oson parchalanadi:R – C – H O – MgJ CH 3 HOH R – CH – CH 3 + Mg(OH)J OH R – C – H O – MgJ CH 3 HOH R – CH – CH 3 + Mg(OH)J OHA ldegid v a k et onlarga magniy organik bi rik mal arni bi rik t irish orqal i birlamchi, i k k ilamchi y ok i uchlamchi spirt lar ol inadi. Karbonil guruhi k uchl i qut blangan bo’l ganligi uchun ularga nuk leofi l agent l ar oson birik a oladi: R – C O H + CH 3MgJ R – C – H O – MgJ CH 3 + - + - R – C O H + CH 3MgJ R – C – H O – MgJ CH 3 + - + - Bu usul bilan spirt larni t uzilishini oldindan belgilangan holda sint ez qilish mumk in

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