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ANTROPOGONEZ DAVRLASHTIRISH VA XRONOLOGIYASI

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ANTROPOGONEZ 
DAVRLASHTIRISH VA 
XRONOLOGIYASI
      REJA:
•
KI RISH
•
ANTROP OGONEZ JARAYONI
•
ASOSIY QISM
•
INSONIYATNING VU J U DGA KELISHI
•
GOMI NIDLAR EVOLU TSI YASI  
•
SAP IENSLARNING VU J U DGA KELI SHI 
•
X U LOSA 
•
ANTROP OGONEZ AHAMIYATI    ANTROPOGONEZ JARAYONI
An t ropog en ez  - b iolog ik  ev oly u t siy an in g  
bos h qa gom in idlar, y irik  m ay m un lar va 
plat s en t a s ut  em iz u v ch ilardan  ajral gan  h om o 
s ap ien s  (lot . Hom o sap ien s ) p ayd o b o li sh ig a ʻ
olib  k elg an  qis m i, in s on  jis m on iy  t ip in in g 
t arix iy  va evoly u t s ion  s h ak llan is h  jarayon i, 
bos h lan g ich . un in g m eh n at  f aoliyat in i, n u t qin i 	
ʻ
rivojlan t iris h . An t rop ogen ez n i o rg an is h  b ilan  	
ʻ
k o p lab  f an lar , x us u san , an t ropologiya, 	
ʻ
paleoan t rop olog iya, arx eolog iya, ge n et ik a, 
t ils h u n os lik  s h ug u llan ad i.	
ʻ
Ev oly ut sion  k on t ek s t d a "odam " at am as i 
n af aq at  t ir ik  od am larg a, balk i h om o jin s in in g 
yo'q olib  k et g an  t u rlarin in g  vak illarig a h am  
t egis h li. Bu n dan  t as h qari, an t ropog en ez  
t ad qiq ot lari av s t ralop it ek  k abi b osh q a 
h om in idlarga h am  t aallu q lidir. Hom o jin s i 
t ax m in an  2 m illion  y il av val Af rik ad a 
av s t ralopit ek lard an  y ok i s h un g a o'x s h as h  
h om in in lard an  ajralib  ch iq q an . Bir  n e ch a 
t urd ag i odam lar bo'lg an , u larn in g ak sariyat i 
yo'q  bo'lib  k et g an .Bu larg a, x us u san , erek t u s  va 
n ean der t allar  k irad i.   An t ropog en ez  m u am m olari 
18-as rda o rg an ila bos h lan di. ʻ
Sh u  vaqt g ach a in s on  va 
t abiat  h ar doim  X u do u larn i 
yarat g an  yo'l bo'lg an  v a 
s h u n day  bo'lg an  de g an  
g 'oya h u k m ron lik  qilg an . 
Biroq, as t a-s e k in  f an , 
m adan iyat , jam oat ch ilik  
on g ida r iv ojlan is h , 
ev oly u t s iy a, s h u  ju m ladan  
in s on g a n is bat an  g 'oy a 
t as diqlan di.
18-as r o rt alarida 	
ʻ
K.Lin n e y  in s on n in g  
k e lib ch iqis h i 
h aqidag i ilm iy  
g oyan i v u ju dg a 	
ʻ
k e lt irdi.   ANTROP OGONEZ 
JARAYONI
P it e k an t rop (m ay m u n -odam ), u n in g  
qoldiqlari 1891 y ilda Yava orolida 
t opilg an  (E. Dy u bois ). Sh u n g a 
o'x s h as h  qoldiqlar bos h qa joy larda 
h am  t opilg an . Ot a-bobolari bilan  
s olis h t irg an da, pit ek an t roplar  m iya 
h ajm in in g  o's is h in i va on g n in g  
yan ada riv ojlan is h in i bos h dan  
k e ch irdilar. Ular  ibt idoiy  
as boblardan  (k lu blar, en g il y oy ilg an  
t os h lar) f oy dalan g an lar. Biroq, bu  
jon z ot lar o'z larin in g  ajdodlar i bilan  
ju da k o'p o'x s h as h lik larg a eg a e dilar  
(pas t  pe s h on a, k at t a qos h  t iz m alari, 
m o'l-k o'l s och  ch iz ig 'i). Sin an t rop (x it oy lik  odam ), u n in g  
qoldiqlari 1927-1937 y illarda t opilg an . 
P ek in  yaqin ida. Sin an t roplar k o'p 
jih at dan  pit e k an t roplarg a o'x s h ay di. 
Ular olov n i qan day  is h lat is h  va 
s aqlas h n i allaqach on  bilis h g an . -     INSONIYATNING VUJUDGA KELISHI
In s on  e r  y u z ida qan day  paydo 
bo'lg an ? In s on n in g  k e lib ch iqis h i 
h aqidag i s avol ibt idoiy , qadim g i 
dav r larda odam lar n in g  on g in i 
h ayajon ga s olgan  va h oz irg i 
z am on  olim lar in i 
h ayajon lan t ir is h dan  t o'x t am aydi. 
Tar ix  davom ida k o'plab t ax m in lar  
ilg ar i s u rilg an  - af s on alardan  
t or t ib t o as os li n az ar iyalarg ach a. 
Am m o, qan ch alik  f an t as t ik  yok i 
ju da as os li f araz lar  t ak lif  
qilin m as in , u lar n in g  barch as in i 
s h ar t li rav is h da u ch  t oif ag a 
bo'lis h  m u m k in : din iy ; f als afi y ; 
ilm iy .    INSON QANDAY PAYDO BO'LGAN
Un in g  k on t s e pt s iy as idag i 
din iy  n u qt ai n az ar  
du n yon in g  k o'plab x alqlari 
oras ida o'x s h as h dir. Ko'p 
parallellik lar  m av ju dk i, 
u lar n i e 't ibors iz  qoldirib 
bo'lm ay di. Din n in g  
in s on n in g  pay do bo'lis h i 
h aqidag i qaras h i X u dog a 
bo'lg an  m u s t ah k am  
is h on ch g a as os lan adi va 
s h u n in g  u ch u n  is bot n i t alab 
qilm ay di. Mu qaddas  
Bit ik larda ay t ilis h ich a, bu  
m as ala e't iborg a loy iq 
em as , ch u n k i odam n in g  o'z i 
u n in g  y arat ilis h ida 
bo'lm ag an  v a s h u n in g  
u ch u n  h e ch  n ars an i 
bilm ay di. Fals afi y  g ipot e z alar 
das t labk i 
ak s iom alarg a 
as os lan adi, 
ak s iom alardan  
m u loh az a y u rit is h  
n at ijas ida t ax m in  
v u ju dg a k e ladi. 
Fay las u fl ar “ on g ”  
t u s h u n ch as in i ajrat ib 
k o‘rs at adilar. Ularn in g  
fi k rich a, biz n i 
h ay v on lardan  ajrat ib 
t u radig an  n ars a s h u . 
Bu  an iq qach on  s odir 
bo'lg an ? Fay las u fl ar  
2,5 m in g  y il dav om ida 
bu  t opis h m oqn i 
y e ch is h g a h arak at  
qilis h g an . Ilm iy  t adqiqot  olim lar 
t adqiqot  va 
ek s pe rim e n t lar 
dav om ida oladig an  
f ak t larg a as os lan adi. 
Us h bu  m a'lu m ot lardan  
g ipot e t ik  t ax m in lar  
t u g 'iladi. Ular, o'z  
n av bat ida, olib 
t as h lan adi yok i k e y in g i 
k u z at is h lar jaray on ida 
t as diqlan adi. Ag ar 
g ipot e z a t as diqlan s a, u  
n az ar iyag a ay lan adi. 
Bu n dan  t as h qari, u  
t as diqlan g an  yok i rad 
et ilg an . Ik k in ch i h olda, 
jav ob t opilm ag u n ch a, 
yan g i f araz lar ilg ari 
s u riladi v a h ok az o.      GOMINIDLAR EVOLUTSIYASI
Gom in idlar  (lot . Hom in idae) — 
pr im at lar  oilas i, ju m ladan , odam  
va y ir ik  m ay m u n lar. Gibbon lar  
bilan  birg alik da g om in oidlar n in g  
s u pe r  oilas in i h os il qiladi.   Ilgari f aqat odam lar  va u larn in g yo'qolib 
ke tgan  ajdodlari gom in idlar, 
oran gu tan lar, gorillalar va s h im pan z elar 
es a pon gidlarn in g  aloh ida oilas i s if atida 
tas n ifl an gan . Biroq, bu  ta'rif  bilan  
P on gidlar oilas i parafi letik  bo'lib qoladi 
(ya'n i, u  en g  yaqin  u m u m iy  ajdodidan  
ke lib ch iqqan  barch a tu rlarn i o'z  ich iga 
olm aydi), z am on av iy biologiya es a 
m on ofi letik  tak s on larga m oy il bo'ladi. 
Sh u  s ababli, k o'pch ilik  biologlar h oz irda 
oran gu tan larn i h om in in  oilas iga 
P on gin ae k en ja oilas i s if atida k ir itis h adi. 
Bu n dan  tas h qari, gor illalar va 
s h im pan z elar k o'pin ch a odam lar  bilan  
birga h om in in  s u bf am iliyas iga 
(Hom in in ae ) k iradi. Us h bu  tas n if  qu y ida 
ko'rs atilgan .
Yo'qolgan  gom in idlarn i, s h u  ju m ladan  
in s on  ajdodlarin i tas n ifl as h  m as alas i 
och iqligich a qolm oqda, m as alan , yo'q 
bo'lib ketg an  oila a'z olari oras ida k im lar 
odam lar jin s iga k iritilis h i k erak , m as alan , 
Hom o h abilis  va bos h qalar.   GOMINI DLARGORILLA
SHIMPANZ
E
ODAM PARANTRO
P
AVSROLOP I TEK
ARDINI P ITE
K     HOMO SAPIENSLARNING VUJUDGA KELISHI
Lot in  t ilida h om o s o'z i " odam " deg an  
m a'n on i an g lat adi va Lin n ey  tom on idan  
tas n ifl as h  u ch u n  tan lan g an . Lot in  tilida u  
P rot o-I.e dan  k eladi. *d ĝ em - "yer ".ʰ ʰ
Zam on av iy  t ak s on om iyada Hom o s apien s  
h om o jin s in in g  yag on a s aqlan ib qolg an  tu r i 
bo'lib, Hom o s apien s n in g  k elib ch iqis h i 
bo'y ich a olib bor ilayot g an  t adqiqotlar  
bos h qa Hom o t u r lar i h aq ida k o'proq va 
k o'proq m a'lu m ot  beradi, am m o bu  
tu r lar n in g  barch as i allaqach on  yo'q bo'lib 
k et g an . Bu  t u r lar n in g  ba'z ilar i z am on av iy  
odam lar n in g  ajdodlar i bo'lg an  bo'lis h i 
m u m k in , am m o k o'plar i f aqat 
"am ak ivach ch alar "  bo'lib, biz n in g  tu r im iz dan  
u z oqlas h g an   Sh u  bilan  birg a, u lar n in g  qay s i 
bir i aloh ida tu r , qay s i bir i f aqat bitt a tu rn in g  
irqi ek an lig i h aqida m u n oz aralar  davom  
et m oqda. Ba'z i h ollarda k elis h m ovch ilik n in g  
s ababi z ar u r  m a'lu m otlar n in g  ch ek lan g an  
yok i to'liq yo'qlig i, bos h qalar ida t as n ifl as h  
yon das h u v lar idag i f arqlardir.   HOMO SAPIENS
Odam  y ok i h om o s apien s  [K 1] (lat. 
Hom o s apien s  [K 2]) — 
pr im atlar n in g  en g  k o p va k en g  ʻ
tarqalg an  tu r i. U g om in in lar 
oilas in in g  Hom o j in s ig a 
(s u per f am ila - an trop oid) t eg is h li 
bo'lib, t ik  y ur is h  [K 3], t u rn in g  
bos h qa a'z olar i bilan  m u loqot 
qilis h  uch u n  n u t qdan  f oydalan is h , 
as boblardan  f oy dalan is h , 
s h u n in g de k , juda riv ojlan g an lig i 
bilan  ajralib tu radi. Kog n it iv  
qob iliyatlar , bu  s iz n in g  
m iyan g iz n in g  k atta h aj m i va tiz im li 
x u s u s iy atlar ig a bog 'liq.   SAP IENSLARHom o s apie n s
Hom o s apie n s  
idalt u
Hom o s apie n s  
s apie n s
Hom o h abilis Hom o 
ru dolf e n s isHom o e rg as t e r
Hom o 
den is ov e n s is
Hom o n ale di     HOMO ERGASTER
Hom o ergas te r  (lot in ch a - "is h ch i 
odam ") - Af r ik ada 1,8 m illion  y il oldin  
Hom o h abilis  yok i Hom o r u dolf e n s is  
ev oly u t s iyas i n at ijas ida pay do bo'lg an  
odam lar n in g qaz ilm a t u r i. 
Av s t ralop it e k  va Hom o e re ct u s  
o'r t as idagi or aliq bo'g'in  s if at ida 
qaraladi, b a'z an  t as v ir lan gan . 
P it ek an tropn in g (lat. Hom o e rectu s  
e rgas t er ) af r ik alik  k e n ja t u r i s if at ida, 
am m o t adqiqot ch ilar  s on i or t ib 
bor m oqda, u lar n i 1,8-1,5 m illion  y il 
av val - oraliq da yas h agan  
in s on iyat n in g af r ik alik  bo'lm agan  
vak illar id an  ajr at is h ga m oy ildir lar. 
Hom o ergas te r n in g m av ju dligi   ANTROPOGONEZ AHAMIYATI
•
In s on n i an t ropog en e z da s h ak llan g an  t u rli t abiat dag i (biolog ik  va 
ijt im oiy ) qon u n iy at larn in g  “ t u s h is h i”  orqali an iqlas h g a h arak at  
qilis h  m u m k in . Sh u n day  qilib, in s on  r iv ojlan ayot g an  m at er iy adag i 
bos h qa t abiat  qon u n lari (an iqrog 'i, biolog ik  qon u n lar m av ju d v a 
ijt im oiy  qon u n lar pay do bo'ladi) m av ju d bo'lg an  h u du d bilan  
bog 'liq. Tabiat da aralas h , g ibrid t abiat  qon u n lar i m av ju d e m as . 
Gom in idlarn in g  riv ojlan is h idag i biolog ik  v a ijt im oiy  qon u n iyat lar 
o'z ig a x os lig in i s aqlab qolg an  h olda bir x il ob'e k t larg a t a's ir 
qiladi.    FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR
•
  .  .        :   Капица С П Общая теория роста человечества Сколько
  ,            .  .:  , 
людей жило живёт и будет жить на Земле М Наука
1999. ISBN 5-02-0082 99-6Re ich , 
•
Dav id. Wh o We Are An d How We Got  He re - An cie n t  DNA an d 
t h e  New Scien ce of  t h e  Hu m an  P as t        Et ibor in g iz  u ch u n  
rax m at

ANTROPOGONEZ DAVRLASHTIRISH VA XRONOLOGIYASI

REJA: • KI RISH • ANTROP OGONEZ JARAYONI • ASOSIY QISM • INSONIYATNING VU J U DGA KELISHI • GOMI NIDLAR EVOLU TSI YASI • SAP IENSLARNING VU J U DGA KELI SHI • X U LOSA • ANTROP OGONEZ AHAMIYATI

ANTROPOGONEZ JARAYONI An t ropog en ez - b iolog ik ev oly u t siy an in g bos h qa gom in idlar, y irik m ay m un lar va plat s en t a s ut em iz u v ch ilardan ajral gan h om o s ap ien s (lot . Hom o sap ien s ) p ayd o b o li sh ig a ʻ olib k elg an qis m i, in s on jis m on iy t ip in in g t arix iy va evoly u t s ion s h ak llan is h jarayon i, bos h lan g ich . un in g m eh n at f aoliyat in i, n u t qin i ʻ rivojlan t iris h . An t rop ogen ez n i o rg an is h b ilan ʻ k o p lab f an lar , x us u san , an t ropologiya, ʻ paleoan t rop olog iya, arx eolog iya, ge n et ik a, t ils h u n os lik s h ug u llan ad i. ʻ Ev oly ut sion k on t ek s t d a "odam " at am as i n af aq at t ir ik od am larg a, balk i h om o jin s in in g yo'q olib k et g an t u rlarin in g vak illarig a h am t egis h li. Bu n dan t as h qari, an t ropog en ez t ad qiq ot lari av s t ralop it ek k abi b osh q a h om in idlarga h am t aallu q lidir. Hom o jin s i t ax m in an 2 m illion y il av val Af rik ad a av s t ralopit ek lard an y ok i s h un g a o'x s h as h h om in in lard an ajralib ch iq q an . Bir n e ch a t urd ag i odam lar bo'lg an , u larn in g ak sariyat i yo'q bo'lib k et g an .Bu larg a, x us u san , erek t u s va n ean der t allar k irad i.

An t ropog en ez m u am m olari 18-as rda o rg an ila bos h lan di. ʻ Sh u vaqt g ach a in s on va t abiat h ar doim X u do u larn i yarat g an yo'l bo'lg an v a s h u n day bo'lg an de g an g 'oya h u k m ron lik qilg an . Biroq, as t a-s e k in f an , m adan iyat , jam oat ch ilik on g ida r iv ojlan is h , ev oly u t s iy a, s h u ju m ladan in s on g a n is bat an g 'oy a t as diqlan di. 18-as r o rt alarida ʻ K.Lin n e y in s on n in g k e lib ch iqis h i h aqidag i ilm iy g oyan i v u ju dg a ʻ k e lt irdi.

ANTROP OGONEZ JARAYONI P it e k an t rop (m ay m u n -odam ), u n in g qoldiqlari 1891 y ilda Yava orolida t opilg an (E. Dy u bois ). Sh u n g a o'x s h as h qoldiqlar bos h qa joy larda h am t opilg an . Ot a-bobolari bilan s olis h t irg an da, pit ek an t roplar m iya h ajm in in g o's is h in i va on g n in g yan ada riv ojlan is h in i bos h dan k e ch irdilar. Ular ibt idoiy as boblardan (k lu blar, en g il y oy ilg an t os h lar) f oy dalan g an lar. Biroq, bu jon z ot lar o'z larin in g ajdodlar i bilan ju da k o'p o'x s h as h lik larg a eg a e dilar (pas t pe s h on a, k at t a qos h t iz m alari, m o'l-k o'l s och ch iz ig 'i). Sin an t rop (x it oy lik odam ), u n in g qoldiqlari 1927-1937 y illarda t opilg an . P ek in yaqin ida. Sin an t roplar k o'p jih at dan pit e k an t roplarg a o'x s h ay di. Ular olov n i qan day is h lat is h va s aqlas h n i allaqach on bilis h g an . -