The history of migration processes in Central Asia.


Ministry of Higher Education Science and Innovation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, Master of History degree . COURSE WORK Science : The history of migration processes in Central Asia. Topic: The Socio-economic Impacts of Emigration from Uzbekistan . Student: Suyarov Makhmudjon. Teacher: prof. Nurulla-xodjayeva Nargis. Samarkand-2023 2
Content Introduction I. Emigration methods, factors and its effects on brain drain condition 1.1 Emigration Patterns and Drivers 1.2. Brain Drain and Human Capital II. Influence of emigration at state economic growth and its societal effect 2.1. Remittances and Economic Development: 2.2. Social and Cultural Impacts. Conclusion References 3
Introduction Emigration, the act of leaving one's country to settle permanently in another, has become a significant phenomenon in Uzbekistan. Over the years, an increasing number of individuals have chosen to emigrate, seeking better economic opportunities 1 and improved living standards 2 . This course work aims to explore the socio-economic impacts of emigration from Uzbekistan, shedding light on the various factors that contribute to this trend and analyzing its consequences on both the individuals and the country as a whole. Between 2000 and 2020, more than 1 million people emigrated from Uzbekistan. The number of emigrants was 11 times higher than the number of those who immigrated to Uzbekistan. Statistics show that the number of emigrants from Uzbekistan (1,107,584 people) is 11 times higher than the number of immigrants (99,341 people). There are socio- economic consequences of migration and remittance decisions of the Uzbek households. We first draw a portrait of a typical migrant worker, paying special attention to the motives for migration and the skills that the migrants possess. We trace the portrait of the typical migrant worker to see the changes in migration profile over time. We also investigate the impact of migration and remittances on livelihoods of migrant-sending families. Our results indicate that financial constraints, especially on non-food and health expenditures, act as a push-factor for migration in Uzbekistan. 1 K.A.Bondarenko . Labor Migration from Uzbekistan: a family and community promoted Big Bang // Regional Research of Russia, Vol. 11, No. 2. – Moscow .: published in Prostranstvennaya Ekonomika, 2020. P-275. 2 Juraev A. R. Doctoral Thesis. Labor Migration from Uzbekistan: Social and Economic Impacts on Local Development. Doctoral Programme in Local Development and Global Dynamics, University of Trento School of Social Sciences, 202. p-170. 4
I. Emigration methods, factors and its effects on brain drain condition 1.1 Emigration Patterns and Drivers This section will search into the reasons behind the emigration from Uzbekistan, examining the push 1 and pull factors that influence individuals' decisions to leave their homeland. Factors such as economic disparities, political instability, lack of job prospects, and limited access to social services will be discussed. Additionally, the role of family reunification, educational opportunities, and global migration networks will be explored. After independence migration has become one of the important characteristics of social and economic development in Uzbekistan. Beginning of this process first of all was movement of non-Uzbek nationals (especially Russians, Ukrains, Belorussians, etc) from Uzbekistan for permanent residence to their and their parents’ homelands. According to official statistic data, only in 1992 the number of people who emigrated from Uzbekistan was 424086 or about 3 percent of the total population of the country in that year. At the same time, from the beginning of 1993, the number of people leaving the country permanently began declining sharply. If in 1993 the total number of people emigrated was 16 percent less than it was 1992, within five years the indicator declined more than twice and in 1997 made only 195001. During 1997-2009 emigration dynamics kept at the level of about 200 thousand persons per year. Analysis of the statistic data from different sources also show that among the people emigrating from Uzbekistan, the share of the people leaving to Russia was the biggest. According to ethnic structure of the population of Uzbekistan, Russians used to make up the biggest minority group (it is true for current situation as well) and accordingly we can suppose that among the people who left to the Russian Federation during 1990s Russian minorities were the majority of this group. 1 Anannya Chakraborty, Prof. SK Acharya and Chethana.K. The Push Factors of Migration: An Empirical Study // International Conference on Agriculture and Allied Sciences: The Productivity, Food Security and Ecology. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338178046 , 2019. P-127. 5