ANTROPOGONEZ DAVRLASHTIRISH VA XRONOLOGIYASI
![ANTROPOGONEZ
DAVRLASHTIRISH VA
XRONOLOGIYASI](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_1.png)
![REJA:
•
KI RISH
•
ANTROP OGONEZ JARAYONI
•
ASOSIY QISM
•
INSONIYATNING VU J U DGA KELISHI
•
GOMI NIDLAR EVOLU TSI YASI
•
SAP IENSLARNING VU J U DGA KELI SHI
•
X U LOSA
•
ANTROP OGONEZ AHAMIYATI](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_2.png)
![ANTROPOGONEZ JARAYONI
An t ropog en ez - b iolog ik ev oly u t siy an in g
bos h qa gom in idlar, y irik m ay m un lar va
plat s en t a s ut em iz u v ch ilardan ajral gan h om o
s ap ien s (lot . Hom o sap ien s ) p ayd o b o li sh ig a ʻ
olib k elg an qis m i, in s on jis m on iy t ip in in g
t arix iy va evoly u t s ion s h ak llan is h jarayon i,
bos h lan g ich . un in g m eh n at f aoliyat in i, n u t qin i
ʻ
rivojlan t iris h . An t rop ogen ez n i o rg an is h b ilan
ʻ
k o p lab f an lar , x us u san , an t ropologiya,
ʻ
paleoan t rop olog iya, arx eolog iya, ge n et ik a,
t ils h u n os lik s h ug u llan ad i.
ʻ
Ev oly ut sion k on t ek s t d a "odam " at am as i
n af aq at t ir ik od am larg a, balk i h om o jin s in in g
yo'q olib k et g an t u rlarin in g vak illarig a h am
t egis h li. Bu n dan t as h qari, an t ropog en ez
t ad qiq ot lari av s t ralop it ek k abi b osh q a
h om in idlarga h am t aallu q lidir. Hom o jin s i
t ax m in an 2 m illion y il av val Af rik ad a
av s t ralopit ek lard an y ok i s h un g a o'x s h as h
h om in in lard an ajralib ch iq q an . Bir n e ch a
t urd ag i odam lar bo'lg an , u larn in g ak sariyat i
yo'q bo'lib k et g an .Bu larg a, x us u san , erek t u s va
n ean der t allar k irad i.](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_3.png)
![An t ropog en ez m u am m olari
18-as rda o rg an ila bos h lan di. ʻ
Sh u vaqt g ach a in s on va
t abiat h ar doim X u do u larn i
yarat g an yo'l bo'lg an v a
s h u n day bo'lg an de g an
g 'oya h u k m ron lik qilg an .
Biroq, as t a-s e k in f an ,
m adan iyat , jam oat ch ilik
on g ida r iv ojlan is h ,
ev oly u t s iy a, s h u ju m ladan
in s on g a n is bat an g 'oy a
t as diqlan di.
18-as r o rt alarida
ʻ
K.Lin n e y in s on n in g
k e lib ch iqis h i
h aqidag i ilm iy
g oyan i v u ju dg a
ʻ
k e lt irdi.](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_4.png)
![ANTROP OGONEZ
JARAYONI
P it e k an t rop (m ay m u n -odam ), u n in g
qoldiqlari 1891 y ilda Yava orolida
t opilg an (E. Dy u bois ). Sh u n g a
o'x s h as h qoldiqlar bos h qa joy larda
h am t opilg an . Ot a-bobolari bilan
s olis h t irg an da, pit ek an t roplar m iya
h ajm in in g o's is h in i va on g n in g
yan ada riv ojlan is h in i bos h dan
k e ch irdilar. Ular ibt idoiy
as boblardan (k lu blar, en g il y oy ilg an
t os h lar) f oy dalan g an lar. Biroq, bu
jon z ot lar o'z larin in g ajdodlar i bilan
ju da k o'p o'x s h as h lik larg a eg a e dilar
(pas t pe s h on a, k at t a qos h t iz m alari,
m o'l-k o'l s och ch iz ig 'i). Sin an t rop (x it oy lik odam ), u n in g
qoldiqlari 1927-1937 y illarda t opilg an .
P ek in yaqin ida. Sin an t roplar k o'p
jih at dan pit e k an t roplarg a o'x s h ay di.
Ular olov n i qan day is h lat is h va
s aqlas h n i allaqach on bilis h g an . -](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_5.png)
![INSONIYATNING VUJUDGA KELISHI
In s on e r y u z ida qan day paydo
bo'lg an ? In s on n in g k e lib ch iqis h i
h aqidag i s avol ibt idoiy , qadim g i
dav r larda odam lar n in g on g in i
h ayajon ga s olgan va h oz irg i
z am on olim lar in i
h ayajon lan t ir is h dan t o'x t am aydi.
Tar ix davom ida k o'plab t ax m in lar
ilg ar i s u rilg an - af s on alardan
t or t ib t o as os li n az ar iyalarg ach a.
Am m o, qan ch alik f an t as t ik yok i
ju da as os li f araz lar t ak lif
qilin m as in , u lar n in g barch as in i
s h ar t li rav is h da u ch t oif ag a
bo'lis h m u m k in : din iy ; f als afi y ;
ilm iy .](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_6.png)
![INSON QANDAY PAYDO BO'LGAN
Un in g k on t s e pt s iy as idag i
din iy n u qt ai n az ar
du n yon in g k o'plab x alqlari
oras ida o'x s h as h dir. Ko'p
parallellik lar m av ju dk i,
u lar n i e 't ibors iz qoldirib
bo'lm ay di. Din n in g
in s on n in g pay do bo'lis h i
h aqidag i qaras h i X u dog a
bo'lg an m u s t ah k am
is h on ch g a as os lan adi va
s h u n in g u ch u n is bot n i t alab
qilm ay di. Mu qaddas
Bit ik larda ay t ilis h ich a, bu
m as ala e't iborg a loy iq
em as , ch u n k i odam n in g o'z i
u n in g y arat ilis h ida
bo'lm ag an v a s h u n in g
u ch u n h e ch n ars an i
bilm ay di. Fals afi y g ipot e z alar
das t labk i
ak s iom alarg a
as os lan adi,
ak s iom alardan
m u loh az a y u rit is h
n at ijas ida t ax m in
v u ju dg a k e ladi.
Fay las u fl ar “ on g ”
t u s h u n ch as in i ajrat ib
k o‘rs at adilar. Ularn in g
fi k rich a, biz n i
h ay v on lardan ajrat ib
t u radig an n ars a s h u .
Bu an iq qach on s odir
bo'lg an ? Fay las u fl ar
2,5 m in g y il dav om ida
bu t opis h m oqn i
y e ch is h g a h arak at
qilis h g an . Ilm iy t adqiqot olim lar
t adqiqot va
ek s pe rim e n t lar
dav om ida oladig an
f ak t larg a as os lan adi.
Us h bu m a'lu m ot lardan
g ipot e t ik t ax m in lar
t u g 'iladi. Ular, o'z
n av bat ida, olib
t as h lan adi yok i k e y in g i
k u z at is h lar jaray on ida
t as diqlan adi. Ag ar
g ipot e z a t as diqlan s a, u
n az ar iyag a ay lan adi.
Bu n dan t as h qari, u
t as diqlan g an yok i rad
et ilg an . Ik k in ch i h olda,
jav ob t opilm ag u n ch a,
yan g i f araz lar ilg ari
s u riladi v a h ok az o.](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_7.png)
![GOMINIDLAR EVOLUTSIYASI
Gom in idlar (lot . Hom in idae) —
pr im at lar oilas i, ju m ladan , odam
va y ir ik m ay m u n lar. Gibbon lar
bilan birg alik da g om in oidlar n in g
s u pe r oilas in i h os il qiladi.](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_8.png)
![Ilgari f aqat odam lar va u larn in g yo'qolib
ke tgan ajdodlari gom in idlar,
oran gu tan lar, gorillalar va s h im pan z elar
es a pon gidlarn in g aloh ida oilas i s if atida
tas n ifl an gan . Biroq, bu ta'rif bilan
P on gidlar oilas i parafi letik bo'lib qoladi
(ya'n i, u en g yaqin u m u m iy ajdodidan
ke lib ch iqqan barch a tu rlarn i o'z ich iga
olm aydi), z am on av iy biologiya es a
m on ofi letik tak s on larga m oy il bo'ladi.
Sh u s ababli, k o'pch ilik biologlar h oz irda
oran gu tan larn i h om in in oilas iga
P on gin ae k en ja oilas i s if atida k ir itis h adi.
Bu n dan tas h qari, gor illalar va
s h im pan z elar k o'pin ch a odam lar bilan
birga h om in in s u bf am iliyas iga
(Hom in in ae ) k iradi. Us h bu tas n if qu y ida
ko'rs atilgan .
Yo'qolgan gom in idlarn i, s h u ju m ladan
in s on ajdodlarin i tas n ifl as h m as alas i
och iqligich a qolm oqda, m as alan , yo'q
bo'lib ketg an oila a'z olari oras ida k im lar
odam lar jin s iga k iritilis h i k erak , m as alan ,
Hom o h abilis va bos h qalar.](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_9.png)
![GOMINI DLARGORILLA
SHIMPANZ
E
ODAM PARANTRO
P
AVSROLOP I TEK
ARDINI P ITE
K](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_10.png)
![HOMO SAPIENSLARNING VUJUDGA KELISHI
Lot in t ilida h om o s o'z i " odam " deg an
m a'n on i an g lat adi va Lin n ey tom on idan
tas n ifl as h u ch u n tan lan g an . Lot in tilida u
P rot o-I.e dan k eladi. *d ĝ em - "yer ".ʰ ʰ
Zam on av iy t ak s on om iyada Hom o s apien s
h om o jin s in in g yag on a s aqlan ib qolg an tu r i
bo'lib, Hom o s apien s n in g k elib ch iqis h i
bo'y ich a olib bor ilayot g an t adqiqotlar
bos h qa Hom o t u r lar i h aq ida k o'proq va
k o'proq m a'lu m ot beradi, am m o bu
tu r lar n in g barch as i allaqach on yo'q bo'lib
k et g an . Bu t u r lar n in g ba'z ilar i z am on av iy
odam lar n in g ajdodlar i bo'lg an bo'lis h i
m u m k in , am m o k o'plar i f aqat
"am ak ivach ch alar " bo'lib, biz n in g tu r im iz dan
u z oqlas h g an Sh u bilan birg a, u lar n in g qay s i
bir i aloh ida tu r , qay s i bir i f aqat bitt a tu rn in g
irqi ek an lig i h aqida m u n oz aralar davom
et m oqda. Ba'z i h ollarda k elis h m ovch ilik n in g
s ababi z ar u r m a'lu m otlar n in g ch ek lan g an
yok i to'liq yo'qlig i, bos h qalar ida t as n ifl as h
yon das h u v lar idag i f arqlardir.](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_11.png)
![HOMO SAPIENS
Odam y ok i h om o s apien s [K 1] (lat.
Hom o s apien s [K 2]) —
pr im atlar n in g en g k o p va k en g ʻ
tarqalg an tu r i. U g om in in lar
oilas in in g Hom o j in s ig a
(s u per f am ila - an trop oid) t eg is h li
bo'lib, t ik y ur is h [K 3], t u rn in g
bos h qa a'z olar i bilan m u loqot
qilis h uch u n n u t qdan f oydalan is h ,
as boblardan f oy dalan is h ,
s h u n in g de k , juda riv ojlan g an lig i
bilan ajralib tu radi. Kog n it iv
qob iliyatlar , bu s iz n in g
m iyan g iz n in g k atta h aj m i va tiz im li
x u s u s iy atlar ig a bog 'liq.](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_12.png)
![SAP IENSLARHom o s apie n s
Hom o s apie n s
idalt u
Hom o s apie n s
s apie n s
Hom o h abilis Hom o
ru dolf e n s isHom o e rg as t e r
Hom o
den is ov e n s is
Hom o n ale di](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_13.png)
![HOMO ERGASTER
Hom o ergas te r (lot in ch a - "is h ch i
odam ") - Af r ik ada 1,8 m illion y il oldin
Hom o h abilis yok i Hom o r u dolf e n s is
ev oly u t s iyas i n at ijas ida pay do bo'lg an
odam lar n in g qaz ilm a t u r i.
Av s t ralop it e k va Hom o e re ct u s
o'r t as idagi or aliq bo'g'in s if at ida
qaraladi, b a'z an t as v ir lan gan .
P it ek an tropn in g (lat. Hom o e rectu s
e rgas t er ) af r ik alik k e n ja t u r i s if at ida,
am m o t adqiqot ch ilar s on i or t ib
bor m oqda, u lar n i 1,8-1,5 m illion y il
av val - oraliq da yas h agan
in s on iyat n in g af r ik alik bo'lm agan
vak illar id an ajr at is h ga m oy ildir lar.
Hom o ergas te r n in g m av ju dligi](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_14.png)
![ANTROPOGONEZ AHAMIYATI
•
In s on n i an t ropog en e z da s h ak llan g an t u rli t abiat dag i (biolog ik va
ijt im oiy ) qon u n iy at larn in g “ t u s h is h i” orqali an iqlas h g a h arak at
qilis h m u m k in . Sh u n day qilib, in s on r iv ojlan ayot g an m at er iy adag i
bos h qa t abiat qon u n lari (an iqrog 'i, biolog ik qon u n lar m av ju d v a
ijt im oiy qon u n lar pay do bo'ladi) m av ju d bo'lg an h u du d bilan
bog 'liq. Tabiat da aralas h , g ibrid t abiat qon u n lar i m av ju d e m as .
Gom in idlarn in g riv ojlan is h idag i biolog ik v a ijt im oiy qon u n iyat lar
o'z ig a x os lig in i s aqlab qolg an h olda bir x il ob'e k t larg a t a's ir
qiladi.](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_15.png)
![FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR
•
. . : Капица С П Общая теория роста человечества Сколько
, . .: ,
людей жило живёт и будет жить на Земле М Наука
1999. ISBN 5-02-0082 99-6Re ich ,
•
Dav id. Wh o We Are An d How We Got He re - An cie n t DNA an d
t h e New Scien ce of t h e Hu m an P as t](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_16.png)
![](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_17.png)
![Et ibor in g iz u ch u n
rax m at](/data/documents/42a6988d-79b1-4b8c-9b04-7eb9dbab309b/page_18.png)
ANTROPOGONEZ DAVRLASHTIRISH VA XRONOLOGIYASI
REJA: • KI RISH • ANTROP OGONEZ JARAYONI • ASOSIY QISM • INSONIYATNING VU J U DGA KELISHI • GOMI NIDLAR EVOLU TSI YASI • SAP IENSLARNING VU J U DGA KELI SHI • X U LOSA • ANTROP OGONEZ AHAMIYATI
ANTROPOGONEZ JARAYONI An t ropog en ez - b iolog ik ev oly u t siy an in g bos h qa gom in idlar, y irik m ay m un lar va plat s en t a s ut em iz u v ch ilardan ajral gan h om o s ap ien s (lot . Hom o sap ien s ) p ayd o b o li sh ig a ʻ olib k elg an qis m i, in s on jis m on iy t ip in in g t arix iy va evoly u t s ion s h ak llan is h jarayon i, bos h lan g ich . un in g m eh n at f aoliyat in i, n u t qin i ʻ rivojlan t iris h . An t rop ogen ez n i o rg an is h b ilan ʻ k o p lab f an lar , x us u san , an t ropologiya, ʻ paleoan t rop olog iya, arx eolog iya, ge n et ik a, t ils h u n os lik s h ug u llan ad i. ʻ Ev oly ut sion k on t ek s t d a "odam " at am as i n af aq at t ir ik od am larg a, balk i h om o jin s in in g yo'q olib k et g an t u rlarin in g vak illarig a h am t egis h li. Bu n dan t as h qari, an t ropog en ez t ad qiq ot lari av s t ralop it ek k abi b osh q a h om in idlarga h am t aallu q lidir. Hom o jin s i t ax m in an 2 m illion y il av val Af rik ad a av s t ralopit ek lard an y ok i s h un g a o'x s h as h h om in in lard an ajralib ch iq q an . Bir n e ch a t urd ag i odam lar bo'lg an , u larn in g ak sariyat i yo'q bo'lib k et g an .Bu larg a, x us u san , erek t u s va n ean der t allar k irad i.
An t ropog en ez m u am m olari 18-as rda o rg an ila bos h lan di. ʻ Sh u vaqt g ach a in s on va t abiat h ar doim X u do u larn i yarat g an yo'l bo'lg an v a s h u n day bo'lg an de g an g 'oya h u k m ron lik qilg an . Biroq, as t a-s e k in f an , m adan iyat , jam oat ch ilik on g ida r iv ojlan is h , ev oly u t s iy a, s h u ju m ladan in s on g a n is bat an g 'oy a t as diqlan di. 18-as r o rt alarida ʻ K.Lin n e y in s on n in g k e lib ch iqis h i h aqidag i ilm iy g oyan i v u ju dg a ʻ k e lt irdi.
ANTROP OGONEZ JARAYONI P it e k an t rop (m ay m u n -odam ), u n in g qoldiqlari 1891 y ilda Yava orolida t opilg an (E. Dy u bois ). Sh u n g a o'x s h as h qoldiqlar bos h qa joy larda h am t opilg an . Ot a-bobolari bilan s olis h t irg an da, pit ek an t roplar m iya h ajm in in g o's is h in i va on g n in g yan ada riv ojlan is h in i bos h dan k e ch irdilar. Ular ibt idoiy as boblardan (k lu blar, en g il y oy ilg an t os h lar) f oy dalan g an lar. Biroq, bu jon z ot lar o'z larin in g ajdodlar i bilan ju da k o'p o'x s h as h lik larg a eg a e dilar (pas t pe s h on a, k at t a qos h t iz m alari, m o'l-k o'l s och ch iz ig 'i). Sin an t rop (x it oy lik odam ), u n in g qoldiqlari 1927-1937 y illarda t opilg an . P ek in yaqin ida. Sin an t roplar k o'p jih at dan pit e k an t roplarg a o'x s h ay di. Ular olov n i qan day is h lat is h va s aqlas h n i allaqach on bilis h g an . -